Ethereum is entering a pivotal phase as co-founder Vitalik Buterin champions the idea of “ossifiability.” This concept suggests that the network could remain operational even if its core developers were to vanish. Initially proposed in 2024 as part of the walkaway test, this vision redefines Ethereum as a trustless infrastructure that can function independently for many years.
Buterin outlines that achieving ossifiability involves meeting seven crucial technical milestones. These include:
- Immediate quantum resistance
- Scalability via zk-EVM validation and PeerDAS
- A long-term state architecture
- Full account abstraction
- Secure gas models
- Robust proof-of-stake economics
- A censorship-resistant block building model
The Ethereum co-founder stresses that while protocol alterations should not cease, the network”s intrinsic value must not hinge on features absent from the existing protocol. Future advancements, he argues, should primarily come from optimizations and adjustments within the client framework rather than through disruptive hard forks.
Despite the ambitious nature of this roadmap, various experts express concerns regarding its practical implementation. Equation X, a researcher specializing in zero-knowledge infrastructure, critiques the notion of retrofitting Ethereum with zkEVMs as Layer 2 solutions, labeling it a “halfway fix.” Unlike native zero-knowledge chains such as StarkNet or Miden, which are designed for zero-knowledge validation from inception, Ethereum must adapt its existing Solidity/EVM framework.
The challenges of implementation extend beyond mere technical hurdles. Coordinating multiple milestones through gradual parameter changes over decades introduces significant technical and social complexities. Concerns surrounding staking centralization, client diversity, and validator dynamics pose potential risks to Ethereum”s decentralized principles.
This situation raises critical questions about the network”s ability to maintain a fully trustless environment. Additionally, there are inherent trade-offs between rigidity and flexibility; a highly ossified base layer could stifle future enhancements or limit innovative practices, compelling developers to choose between long-term stability and adaptability.
Nevertheless, Buterin maintains a positive outlook. Reflecting on Ethereum”s progress early in January 2026, he acknowledged advancements made throughout 2025. However, he cautioned that the network must strive for more than just optimizing metrics or chasing fleeting trends.
The ossifiability roadmap represents a significant gamble on Ethereum”s long-term viability. Success could establish Ethereum as a foundational component for a decentralized internet, supporting various aspects like finance, governance, and identity for decades to come. Conversely, failure could lead to inefficiencies, redesigns, or centralization pressures that jeopardize its core objectives.
